Marine Aquaculture BAG220

Gain a better understanding about the general selection and management for farming salt water species of plants and animals. Deals with the farming of salt water species of fish, shellfish, seaweed and other marine products. Learn to plan and manage the farming of a wide variety of marine life. Self paced study, expert tutors, start anytime, 100 hours of learning to give you a sound foundation in marine aquaculture.

The term “Mariculture” refers to a sub-category of Aquaculture that deals specifically with Marine Aquaculture.

According to the FAO the term “Mariculture” (in its present usage) may be defined as:

“The culture of marine organisms, both plants and animals, in an aquatic medium or environment which may be completely marine (sea), or sea water mixed to various degrees with fresh water. This definition would include both the sea and inland brackish-water areas. These can be freshwater or salt water organisms, or have development phases in both types of waters.”

• What is Mariculture
• Purposes of mariculture
• Classification of culture systems
• Extensive production (Ep)
• Intensive production (Ip)
• Classifications based on system input
• Open systems (off-shore and near-shore)
• Semi-closed systems
• Closed systems (on shore)
• Common culture method for each marine category
• Cage culture
• Cage design: Floating flexible, floating rigid, semi-submersible and submersible
• Hanging Culture: Raft and suspended trays
• Long-line culture
• Vertical or rack culture
• Bottom culture: Bottom sowing and cultch lines
• Stone, stake culture, net and umbrella culture
• Semi-enclosed: flow through tanks
• Closed Systems (CAS): Recirculating, raceways, and inland ponds

   2. Starting a Marine Aquaculture (Mariculture) Business

• Economics of establishing and running a farm
• The need for a feasibility study
• Economic analysis
• Requisites for establishing a business
• Factors to consider
• Industry competition
• Availability of leased and quotas
• Economy of scale
• Site selection and water quality
• Properties of salt water
• Water quality management
• Environmental impacts.
• Food chain problems
• Using wild broodstock
• Nutrient pollution
• Chemical pollution
• Spreading pathogens
• Escapes
• Habitat effects
• Managing environmental impacts
• Improving the genetic quality of fish
• Biotechnology

   3. Choosing a Species

• Choosing a marketable species
• What information is available?
• Understand your competition before selecting a species
• Common mariculture species
• Selection criteria
• Climate
• Water resource
• Finance
• Scale of operation
• Market demand and access
• Availability of animals
• Risk considerations
• Product markets
• Product, price and promotion

   4. Finfish

• Industry overview
• Types of mariculture
• Broodstock/seed supply
• Growout
• Commonly cultured species
• Tuna
• Atlantic salmon
• Steelhead Salmon (Saltwater rainbow trout)
• Yellowtail (Japanese Amberjack)
• Sea Bass
• Gilt-head sea bream
• Water quality management

   5. Crustaceans

• Industry overview
• Types of mariculture
• Broodstock/seed supply
• Growout
• Commonly cultivated species
• Penaeid shrimp (prawn)
• Graspid Crabs
• Lobster

   6. Molluscs and Echinoderms

• Industry overview - molluscs
• Types of bivalve culture
• Broodstock/seed supply
• Growout
• Abalone
• Oysters
• Cultured mussels
• Scallops
• Giant clams
• Industry overview - echinoderms
• Types of mariculture
• Breedstock/seed supply
• Growout
• Commonly cultivated species
• Sea Urchins
• Sea cucumbers

   7. Seaweeds and Aquatic Algae

• Industry overview
• Types of mariculture
• Broodstock/seed supply
• Land-based cultivation systems
• Tanks
• Ponds
• Sea cultivation
• Farming methods
• Vegetative cultivation
• Cultivation involving a reproductive cycle
• Commonly cultivated species
• Laminaria japonica
• Porphyra sp.
• Undaria sp.
• Eucheuma seaweed

   8. Pharmaceuticals

• Pharmaceutical value of marine organisms
• Examples of species used in marine biotechnology
• Sea urchin
• Sea cucumber
• Marine sponges
• Seaweeds (algae)

   9. Diet Formulation and feeding

• Feeding strategies
• Nil input
• Water fertilisation
• Supplementary feeding
• Complete diet feeding
• Fish feed
• Feeding and feed components
• Environmental problems associated with fish feeding
• Mycotoxins in feeds
• Aflatoxins
• Ochratoxins
• Fumonisins
• Trichothecenes
• Managing mycotoxins in prepared feeds

  10. Health Management – Diseases and Parasites

• Causes of disease
• Health management and mitigation strategies
• Treatment of diseases and parasites
• General principles
• Common signs that fish are unhealthy
• Common diseases of finfish
• Emerging pathogens
• Common diseases of crustaceans
• Common diseases of bivalves (molluscs)

  11. Harvest and Post Harvest Handling

• Examples of product forms
• Harvest/post harvest handling of selected species

Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school\'s tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.

 

• Explain general mariculture production systems
• Discuss the factors involved in setting up a business
• Evaluate factors that need to be considered when choosing marine species for aquaculture in your region.
• Explain the commercial production of finfish
• Explain the commercial production of crustaceans
• Explain the commercial production of molluscs
• Explain the use and production of Seaweeds and Aquatic Algae
• Discuss the role of echinoderms in mariculture. Explore the pharmaceutical uses of marine organisms
• Explain general diet formulation and feeding
• Describe issues related to the health management of marine animals used in aquaculture.

Any business, and fish farms are one of them, need to be started with a decision that has considered the financial aspects closely. How much is needed to be started, what will be the return and how long will it take to break even, what are the annual operating costs, etc.

Fortunately, for some sectors, governmental agencies and professional associations can provide detailed information that can be used initially to calculate costs and return on investment, and with information from suppliers of equipment and infrastructure, adjust those calculations to your local conditions. The economics of production can be very variable depending on the species to be farmed, the land and environment where it is to be developed, labour and materials costs, and other business running costs (administration, taxes, etc).

MARICULTURE

Mariculture is a complicated business and anyone who intends entering it should undertake extensive research on the topic. It requires a large investment of time and money over a period of years. By conducting a feasibility study before starting a farming venture, you can determine how much it will cost to operate a farm and if the right conditions for growing a particular species are available.

Given the high start-up costs, most successful mariculture operations target high-value fish, such as ornamental fish, as well as food fish, such as red snapper, salmon, and eels. Shellfish mariculture has a broader product range including clams, oysters, shrimp, scallops, and crabs. Algae are often produced with finfish or shellfish to provide a food source for the primary product.

A major cause of failure in any aquaculture or mariculture operation is poor marketing. In mariculture, farmers are competing with wild-caught commercial species. This can be beneficial, given wild stocks are declining and seasonal availability can produce supply shortages that a producer can fill if he or she can arrange harvests for the times of shortages. However, if wild catches are plentiful, the producer may not be able to sell the product at a price that covers costs.

Since supplies from capture fisheries are unlikely to increase in the coming decades and the world population is currently over six billion and growing, aquaculture producers will have a significant role in producing much needed animal protein to feed future generations. Due to freshwater scarcity in many areas of the world, mariculture is expected to be the future of aquaculture. Where this occurs will depend upon:

• The availability of natural resources to support production,
• Availability of seed stock
• Access to feeds and production technology (processing facilities)
• Access to equipment and supplies such as boats, farm platforms, SCUBA gear etc
• Access to markets
• Access to health management, consultants, and technical services (i.e. grafting technicians for oysters) services
• A supportive regulatory environment, and
• Public acceptance of the environmental impacts that inevitably accompany any food-producing endeavour.